FLUID MECHANICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS PDF


FLUID MECHANICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

 

Bruce Hunt
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand


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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 – Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flow Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Review of Vector Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
1.2
1.4
1.9
Chapter 2 – The Equations of Fluid Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuity Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Momentum Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
2.1
2.4
2.9
Chapter 3 – Fluid Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Pressure Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Area Centroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
Moments and Product of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8
Forces and Moments on Plane Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8
Forces and Moments on Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.14
Buoyancy Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.19
Stability of Floating Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.23
Rigid Body Fluid Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.30
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.36
Chapter 4 – Control Volume Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
Extensions for Control Volume Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.21
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.27
Chapter 5 – Differential Equation Methods . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
Chapter 6 – Irrotational Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Circulation and the Velocity Potential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Simplification of the Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4
Basic Irrotational Flow Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7
Stream Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.15
Flow Net Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.20
Free Streamline Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.28
Chapter 7 – Laminar and Turbulent Flow . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Laminar Flow Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.13
Turbulence Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.24
iChapter 8 – Boundary-Layer Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1
Boundary Layer Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2
Pressure Gradient Effects in a Boundary Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.14
Secondary Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.23
Chapter 9 – Drag and Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Drag Force in Unsteady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7
Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.12
Oscillating Lift Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.19
Oscillating Lift Forces and Structural Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.27
Chapter 10 – Dimensional Analysis and Model Similitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1
A Streamlined Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5
Standard Dimensionless Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6
Selection of Independent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.22
Chapter 11 – Steady Pipe Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1
Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3
Hydraulic Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8
Pipe Network Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.13
Pipe Network Computer Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.24
Chapter 12 – Steady Open Channel Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1
Rapidly Varied Flow Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1
Non-rectangular Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.12
Uniform Flow Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.12
Gradually Varied Flow Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.18
Flow Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.22
Flow Profile Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.23
Numerical Integration of the Gradually Varied Flow Equation . . . . . 12.29
Gradually Varied Flow in Natural Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.32
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.32
Chapter 13 – Unsteady Pipe Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
The Equations of Unsteady Pipe Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1
Simplification of the Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3
The Method of Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7
The Solution of Waterhammer Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.19
Numerical Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.23
Pipeline Protection from Waterhammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.27
iiChapter 14 – Unsteady Open Channel Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 14.1
The Saint-Venant Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1
Characteristic Form of the Saint-Venant Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3
Numerical Solution of the Characteristic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5
The Kinematic Wave Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7
The Behaviour of Kinematic Wave Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9
Solution Behaviour Near a Kinematic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.15
Backwater Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.18
A Numerical Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.29
Appendix I – Physical Properties of Water and Air
Appendix II – Properties of Areas
Index

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